See projects being designed, that are in progress and that have graduated.
This is a mega trial with planned enrollment of 150,000 patients across Penn Medicine and Geisinger Health system. The intent was to simultaneously test out 19 different nudges to figure out how to increase flu vaccination rates. The secondary intent was to use learnings from this to inform COVID vaccination efforts. The best performing nudge increases uptake by 11% over previous year baselines. The study was replicated with Walmart with 800,000+ participants.
Increased uptake by 11% over baseline
Text messaging effectiveness
In a concerted effort to address racial inequities. Penn Medicine partnered with Mercy Health, local pastors and the community in West and Southwest Philadelphia, to set up a community vaccination clinic. The goal was to vaccinate 500 individuals who met the 1A or 1B criteria set forth by the city. Way to Health provided the texting and IVR backends to enable registration and appointment scheduling prior. 557 patients were vaccinated. The next clinic on Feb 27th intends to vaccinate 750. The one after that will hopefully vaccinate 1500.
550 citizens vaccinated in 7 hours
Minimal wait times
Patients scheduled and pre-registered (no lines)
NPS score of 90 (330+ responses)
Given that testing availability will likely continue to be constrained, symptom tracking based testing could lead to earlier case identification. At the same time, sentinel surveillance will be a critical tool for identifying pre-symptomatic, asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic spread that may evade symptom-based surveillance. Together, this approach provides ability to rapidly identify new cases and conduct contact tracing. This is an RCT that aims to (1) Evaluate the feasibility of a saliva-based screening COVID viral testing program (2) Compare behavioral strategies to improve study enrollment (3)Understand the relationship between daily symptom tracking and identifying infection,
2500+ recruited
10,000+ tests
Increased installs of patient app
COVID tests are conducted in advance of procedures or as part of occupational health. These results needed to be communicated to patients in a timely manner. While they were also communicated via the patient portal, immediacy is critical and not all patients have the app installed and activated. Phone calls from a nursing team were expensive and time consuming. An automated system to communicate negative test results (the majority) was put into place to optimize resources while ensuring patient communication.
2100+ results communicated
Increased installs of patient app
COVID Pulse was designed partly in response to reports that some patients with Covid-19 have little dyspnea, despite concerning hypoxemia (low blood oxygen). This program enrolls patients from emergency departments with depressed oxygen saturations, providing them with pulse oximeters, and escalates to care based on declines in measured oxygen saturation.
Enhanced monitoring of patients
Objective escalations based on PulseOx readings
$2.5M PCORI award
A variant of the COVID Watch program that automatically checks in specifically with cancer patients at risk for complications of COVID-19 who are self-isolating at home. Patients are monitored 24x7 via text message and escalations managed by an oncology nursing team with full Epic integration.
80+% patient engagement
Patient NPS score of 100
A Penn Medicine program that automatically checks in with patients at risk for complications of COVID-19 who are self-isolating at home. Patients are monitored 24x7 via text message and escalations managed by a nursing team with full Epic integration.
Staff hour reduction to just 64 per day
$2.3 Million savings over 100 days
Patient NPS score of 80
A variant of the COVID Watch program that automatically checks in specifically with pregnant women at risk for complications of COVID-19 who are self-isolating at home. Patients are monitored 24x7 via text message and escalations managed by an hospital specific nursing teams with full Epic integration.
80+% patient engagement
Patient NPS score of 76
Covered 208 patients over six months
Test the effectiveness of text-based recruitment strategies to increase participation across four R01 funded research trials targeting hard to reach populations such as smokers and people living with HIV.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Hypertension monitoring text messaging program for Penn Medicine employees.
Decrease in high blood pressure for participants.
Remote population health management of patients, including medication management.
Women's health intervention after child birth to assist with new mothers with questions and provide support for breastfeeding.
Increase in breastfeeding due to support from text intervention.
Increase in provider and patient communication regarding newborn questions.
Text intervention prompting and monitoring participants to share their social media posts and information with their therapists during their scheduled appointments.
Increased discussion of social media presence in therapy sessions.
Monitoring signs of anxiety and depression in a participant's social media data.
Weekly text message blood pressure monitoring for pregnant women without complications in order to replace office visits with at home monitoring.
Minimize the amount of in-person visits during pregnancy for healthy women.
Monitor patient blood pressures from home and intervene as necessary.
To evaluate the effectiveness of behavioral economic approaches to increase patient mobility and reduce mobility disability and postoperative complications.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Test an escalating lottery-based incentive tied to daily self-weighing for weight loss maintenance
Mean weight changes at the end of phase 1 were −1.1 kg in the incentive group and −1.9 kg in the control group
At the end of phase 2, mean weight changes were 0.2 kg in the incentive group and −0.6 kg in the control group
Implement a novel intervention using mobile technology and social incentives to increase physical activity for women with preeclampsia or gestational hypertension.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Looking at improving mobility in the inpatient setting specifically through goal setting and gamification.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
The broad objective of this study is to develop and test a digital health intervention using a behavioral economics framework to increase the amount of time people spend in nature.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Use social incentives and gamification to increase physical activity among overweight and obese adults.
Gamification interventions had significant increase in activity
Competitive intervention had more sustained activity (post study)
Developed a text message navigation program to improve colonoscopy show rates, reduce cancellations and improve quality / adherence to procedure prep.
Improved show rate by 30%
Maintained or improved quality of prep
Randomized crossover trial of different types of intra-articular injections and financial incentives will also be used to promote adherence to the completion of the patient-reported outcomes.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Test the effectiveness of remote monitoring, automated reminders, performance feedback and incentives among children with asthma.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Evaluate the impact of monitoring adherence with electronic pill bottles or bidirectional text messaging on improving hypertension control.
Mean change values in systolic blood pressure were − 4.7 (23.4) mmHg in usual care, − 4.3 (21.5) mmHg in the pill bottle arm, and − 4.6 (19.8) mmHg in the text arm
No significant change in systolic blood pressure between control and the pill bottle arm
The overall goal of this study is to test if behavioral economic approaches will reduce apathy, and subsequently, improve goal-directed behavior in Parkinson’s disease.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Text conversations to monitor drain outputs of patients who’ve received breast reconstructive surgery. These tailored conversations comply with 20 cc and 30 cc drain management. Texts ask patients their daily output to determine if they are at criteria and need a drained pulled from a home health nurse until they have no drains left.
Post-op visits reduced from 5 to 1
Per patient time savings of 15 hours
Significant contribution margin
New Home Health revenue
Text conversations to monitor patients’ ostomy output levels after an ileostomy procedure. Patients can send in output values throughout the day, whenever they empty their ostomy bag. We calculate their levels over varying hours to determine total output and compare against thresholds. If these reported outputs are above or below thresholds, the patient’s care team is alerted.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
There are various photo submission modules to collect photos from patients. These modules include questions asking patients to send in pictures with different angles as well as with a ruler for size comparisons. The questions provide examples of clear photos so patients have guidance on the type of photo they need to send.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Assessed whether the interventions, based on principles from behavioral economics, might improve statin adherence and lipid control in at-risk populations.
Achieved enrollment targets
Health system enrollment was cost-efficient
Design a scalable model for capturing patient level data to develop, implement, and evaluate EMR defaults to “right-size” opioid prescribing for acute painful episodes and routine surgical procedures.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Test the effectiveness of remote monitoring of glucose plus lottery financial incentives among low-income patients suffering from diabetes.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
This pilot will answer questions important to the feasibility of conducting a well-powered randomized controlled trial to improve adherence among African American HIV patients within the US who have suboptimal adherence using CVS and Aetna claims data to identify such patients, CVS/Aetna communications channels to enroll them, and incentives to achieve high levels of ongoing participation.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Testing how financial incentives and gamification can improve moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Pilot grant to test feasibility of incentivizing various behaviors and outcomes associated with gestational weight gain.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Testing a 2x2x2x2x2 factorial design to optimize components for a sleep extension intervention for children.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Implementation of this novel ERAS pathway for patients undergoing elective spine or peripheral nerve surgery safely reduces patients’ postoperative opioid requirements during hospitalization and 1 month postoperatively. ERAS results in improved postoperative mobilization and ambulation.
Post-op intravenous opioid meds nearly eliminated
3x greater mobility on post-op day 0
Test the effectiveness of a mobile app to replace in person therapy sessions and to track physical health through an activity tracker among depressed adults older than 50 years.
Test the effectiveness of a mindfulness app among youth 13-22 years old. This will be a three arm trial leveraging gamification and supportive social incentives approaches.
A simple observational study with a very small group of VA patients with Parkinsons (30 odd). Patients will register their fitbits and collect movement and MVPA data over 2 weeks. Intent is to figure out if this patient population would actually use it and if the data provides any insight.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Blood pressure monitoring for pregnant women with a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. They will be recruited via EPIC. The project/study leverages bidirectional messaging for BP monitoring and escalation to provider / care team on an exception basis. Rollout to Penn Hospitals
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Investigate how social supports, automated alerts, and their combination improve medication adherence.
52.9% adherence in alert arm
54.5% adherence in partner + alert arm
36.0% adherence in control arm
Evaluate the use of a mobile application (app) in patients already using total body photography (TBP) to increase skin self-examination (SSE) rates and pilot the effectiveness of examination reminders and accountability partners.
SSE rates increased from 58% to 83% at 6 months in intervention groups
Randomized crossover trial of different types of intra-articular injections in osteoarthritic patients. Monitor physical activity and patient-reported outcomes over 3 months after each injection. Financial incentives will also be used to promote adherence to the completion of the patient-reported outcomes.
Test the effectiveness of a pledge system and nudge messaging to purchase naloxone within one week of training. Population is staff and patrons of Free Library of Phila.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Bidirectional texting intervention, assessing participants use of medication, pain and other symptoms via survey. 3 arms have been designed - control, intervention and intervention plus incentive. Deployed at the VA for opioid patients.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Assessing long-term recovery and potential for connection with trauma patients after injury through Survey administration, bi-directional texts, and sleep tracking (Fitbits). We propose to conduct pilot research for a remote monitoring intervention to improve long- term injury recovery.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
A multi-site, RCT that will evaluate the effectiveness of trained pre-med post-baccalaureate health coaches in chronic disease management. Our primary outcomes are changes in weight, physical activity, dietary choices, and patient engagement throughout the 16-week intervention. In our proof of concept (n=22), participants increased their physical activity by an average of 60 minutes per week, responded to 70% of messages, and lost 4.6% their bodyweight over 16 weeks.
Financial incentives, pharmacologic therapies, and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) to promote smoking cessation
Large scale pragmatic trial using opt-out for enrollment
Redeemable deposits and rewards were superior to free cessation aids
Improve cardiac outcomes after heart attacks and cardiac stent placements through the use of financial incentives and a wearable sleep and step tracking device
Incentive arm had an increase of 1388 mean daily steps from baseline
Control arm had an increase of 385 mean daily steps from baseline
The purpose of this study is to determine how goal-setting in the context of gamification affects habit formation for physical activity among participants who are overweight or obese. We plan to use the gamification features of the Way to Health platform and the step tracking feature of to test the impact of two separate goal-setting features including 1. actively choosing a step goal versus being assigned a step goal and 2. being asked to immediately meet that goal versus being asked to make incremental changes towards that goal over an 8 week period.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
As part of this project, we will be using the Way to Health platform to send/receive text messages to adolescents and will be using financial incentives.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Gain a deeper understanding of teen perspectives on how to overcome the barriers to the use of cellphone blocking technology and facilitate improved research and implementation strategies.
Teens willing to give up reading texts (90%), sending texts (95%), social media (99%) while driving
Not willing to give up navigation (59%) and music applications (43%)
Rollout of Heart Safe Motherhood program at Northwestern University and the University of North Carolina.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Compares different methods of data collection from wearable devices to develop enhanced risk prediction models for changes in glycemic control among pre-diabetic adults.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Test effectiveness of social incentive-based gamification intervention to increase physical activity among overweight and obese veterans. VA funding Withings device BMI stratification participation incentives only potentially 4 week ramp Arms: 1. Control- just device (60) 2. Supportive social incentive (60) 3. Supportive social incentive + $ (60)
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Examine the effect of an opt-out default recruitment strategy compared to a conventional opt-in strategy on enrollment and adherence to a behavioral intervention for poorly controlled diabetic patients
Enrollment rates were 38% in the opt-out arm and 13% in the opt-in arm
496 were randomized to the opt-in arm and 73 to the opt-out arm
Randomized crossover trial of different types of intra-articular injections (population: osteoarthritis at the VA). W2H to be used to monitor physical activity (activity monitors) and patient-reported outcomes over the 3 months after each injection. Financial incentives will also be used to promote adherence to the completion of the patient-reported outcomes.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Adolescents will be randomized to 1 of 3 financial incentive groups: (1) reward-based, with each adolescent receiving incremental $15-45 payments submitted into a virtual account when program benchmarks for the Quitline are achieved (maximum $150); (2) loss-framed, with $150 deposited into a virtual account, with $15-45 losses deducted from the account for each benchmark not achieved, with withdrawal only allowed at the end of the study; and (3) no financial incentive. The Quitline is funded by the Pennsylvania Department of Health and staffed by trained cessation counselors available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Use Way to Health to track and promote longer sleeping habits among adolescents. Interested in using social normatives on top of loss framed incentives. 4 arms- control, normative feedback (team), loss framed incentive, loss + normative $50 incentive text messages and sleep hygiene tips
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Use Way to Health to track step counts, heart rate and intensity in patients with cardiovascular disease. Wants to build this remote monitoring into clinical practice. Fitbit Charge 2- low, moderate, vigorous activity Goals and targets Text feedback
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Collecting and studying the impact of patient reported outcomes on satisfaction and survivorship. Targeted at patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer initiating chemotherapy, includes symptom assessment and provider alerts
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Studying the impact of activity on breast cancer patients. Incentives and gamification techniques are also being tested.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Intervention upon discharge from the hospital for patients with COPD for monitoring and to reduce hospital utilization.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Effectiveness of daily financial incentives on glucose monitoring adherence and glycemic control in adolescents & young adults with type 1 diabetes.
Effectiveness of financial incentives
Improved glucose monitoring by 62%
Gamification designed to leverage insights from behavioral economics offers a promising approach to improve daily health behaviors at low cost
Increased activity achievement by 50%
Post study activity increased by 27%
Reduce 30-day readmissions for cirrhosis and post-transplant patients by remotely monitoring weight, mental function, medication adherence and temperature
Reduced 7-day readmissions by 43%
Reduced preventable readmits by 75%
Complex study focused on reducing occurrence of kidney stones via hydration. Study includes devices, incentives, choose your own path and multiple other models.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Larger trial building on Livebetter Phase 1. Focused on automated hovering of cirrhosis and liver transplant patients
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Intent of the trial is to assist depressed adults with primary care treatment. W2H is used to automate the trial with respect to randomization, measurement of medication adherence via electronic pill bottle, and distribution of financial incentives to patients.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Determine whether a system of medication reminders using financial incentives and social support delays subsequent vascular events in patients.
No significant increase in medication adherence
Did not reduce the rate of vascular readmission
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Text messages sent to patients post-surgery to help with recovery. These text messages are sent over the course of 7-10 days depending on the type of procedure. The text content is tailored to reminding patients on how to clean wounds, drink fluids to stay hydrated, and inform them of any dietary restrictions in place after surgery.
Patient compliance increased to 90+%
Readmission reduction of 50-85%
Length of stay reduction of 20-30%
Test effectiveness of reminders and recovery tips in reducing readmissions following Gynecologic Oncology surgery.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Use W2H to track mobility and examine how it relates to nurse mobility assessment scores; W2H would be used to passively collect data via wearable. Partnered with Scott Halpern for testing $ in enrollment - now looking at cancer patients as well- recruiting from Cancer floors - enrollment incentives Control- mobility assessment Intervention- told mobility score and mobility assessment 1 daily feedback message Target for intervention arm participants: Participants in the intervention arm will have a weekly step goal that increases from baseline by 10% each week of the intervention (12 weeks) with a maximum of 10,000 steps
Ongoing Research & Analysis
The purpose of this study is to assess the acceptability of the W2H patient portal in patients seeking AD treatment. The W2H portal will include data from the following: PH indices from the Withings health monitor and nursing assessments, responses to electronic momentary assessment (eMA) text messaging prompts, self-report and clinician-interview AD symptom ratings, and cognitive/psychophysiological assessments.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
The proposed pilot program will develop a bidirectional W2H SMS medication adherence platform to tailor patient specific medication reminders and medication assistance inquiries. 50 patients with a diagnosis of depression and anxiety prescribed ≥1 medication for that disorder (i.e. the intervention group) will be enrolled. Using propensity score matching, study patients will be matched.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Leverage the W2H platform to develop and evaluate a new hypertension service-delivery model that is integrated with routine clinical care at Penn Family Care (PFC), an academic family medicine practice in West Philadelphia. Among patients with poorly controlled HTN, we will assess the effects of monitoring blood pressure and medication adherence with feedback to the patient and to the clinical practice, as needed if out of control. We will also compare the impact of providing feedback to a social support partner with what we call facilitated cheer leading.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
The effects of financial incentives, donations to charity, and the combined effects of both interventions on older adults’ uptake and retention of increased levels of walking
Proportion of days step goals were met was higher in intervention groups versus controls
Incentive schemes increase older adults’ initial uptake of increased levels of walking
Impact of a pill bottle used to monitor adherence, delivery a daily alarm, and generate weekly medication adherence feedback reports on statin adherence.
89% of Individual feedback group adhered to taking their statin medication
86% of partner feedback group adhered to taking their statin medication
Wireless-enabled pill bottles with adherence data to providers to improve adherence and help providers identify adherence barriers
Mean adherence was 88% in the reminders + notifications arm
Mean adherence was 78% in the reminders arm
Mean adherence was 55% in the control arm
Reduce 7-day readmissions for hypertension among postpartum women and creating a national leadership model to meet ACOG guidelines
Increased guideline adherence by 80%
Reduced 7 day readmission by 80%
Test different methods of collecting patient-generated health data including self-reported Survey administration, smartphones, and a wearable activity tracking device. The overall objective of the study is to develop algorithms for the dynamic and timely prediction of health care utilization using a multimodal, integrated dataset from insurer and pharmacy claims, electronic health records, and patient-generated health data.
novel method of remotely-monitoring patient behaviors after hospital discharge
nform new ways to improve the identification of patients at high-risk for hospital readmission
Test effectiveness of reminders and recovery tips in reducing readmissions following Orthopaedic surgery.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Compare the efficacy of a lottery-based incentive, traditional direct payment incentive, and control of daily feedback without any incentive for weight-loss maintenance.
12% of candidates created an account on the study website
Yielded 191 randomized participants
Compare the efficacy of two 6-month mhealth-based interventions to promote treatment adherence among young adults post kidney transplant or spinal bifida.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Test effectiveness of weekly check ins and appt reminders in reducing over utilization of healthcare services
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Compare the effectiveness of different combinations of social comparison feedback and financial incentives to increase physical activity.
Incentive group mean proportion achieving the 7000-step goal was 0.45
Control group mean proportion achieving the 7000-step goal was 0.27
Test whether employer matching of employees’ monetary contributions increases employees’ participation in deposit contracts to promote weight loss and weight loss.
At 24 weeks, control participants gained an average of 1 lb and 1:1 match participants lost an average of 5.3 lbs
Matching deposits did not increase participation
The objective of this study is to use a randomized, controlled trial to test the effectiveness of three interventions using social incentives and gamification to promote physical activity, weight loss, and improved glycemic control among adult type 2 diabetics.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Compare the effectiveness of individual versus team-based financial incentives to increase physical activity.
Combined incentive arm achieved goal at greater rates than the team incentive (0.35 vs. 0.17)
Combined incentive had greater mean daily steps than control (difference: 1446)
Participants receive a smartphone breathalyzer to provide feedback on their estimated blood alcohol level. The intervention compares loss- and gain-framed messages that make the consequences of drinking and driving more salient to standard messages not to drink and drive.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Use W2H to develop a protocol to efficiently recruit and enroll pediatric and adult concussion patients from the ED, and monitor and integrate their data in real time daily. The primary outcome is the mean proportion of participant days that the 2000-step goal was achieved for each group for each day of the study.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Intent of the study is to increase physical activity to decrease post-operative morbidity for radical cystectomy patients
Ongoing Research & Analysis
The primary goal of this pilot study will be to determine whether one incentive (loss aversion) is better than no incentive in increasing step counts and maintaining an increased level of physical activity among RA patients. The primary outcome will be percent of days meeting goal during the intervention period.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Improve adherence through real-time feedback based on theories of how social forces influence behavior
High pill-bottle adherence (90% in PROMOTE, 92% in SUPPORT)
Participants had low baseline MPRs (median = 60%, IQR 41–72%)
Test the effectiveness of 3 methods to frame financial incentives to increase physical activity among overweight and obese adults.
In control, mean proportion achieving the goal was 0.30
In gain-incentive group, mean proportion achieving the goal was 0.35
In lottery-incentive group, mean proportion achieving the goal was 0.36
In loss-incentive group, mean proportion achieving the goal was 0.45
Test effectiveness of reminders and recovery tips in reducing readmissions following colorectal surgery.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Premium-based financial incentives to promote workplace weight loss
Control group had a mean gain of 0.1 pounds
Delayed-premium adjustment group had a mean loss of 1.2 pounds
Immediate-premium adjustment group had a mean loss of 1.4 pounds
Daily lottery incentive group had a mean loss of 1.0 pounds
Shared physician and patient incentives are more effective in reducing levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) among patients with high CVD risk.
Reduced LDL-C by 33%
Aligned patient and provider incentives
Improve adherence and functional outcomes of adults adults with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) using daily Web-based access to their positive airway pressure (PAP) with or without a financial incentive.
Average daily PAP use was 4.7 ± 3.3 h in the usual care group
Average daily PAP use was 5.9 ± 2.5 h and 6.3 ± 2.5 h in the Web access groups
Financial incentives to quit smoking work and even more so when own money is staked. Program rolled out across all CVS employees.
Rewards quit rate - 17.1%
Personal stake quit rate - 52.3%
Test effectiveness of automated hovering of scale and medication adherence with daily lotteries to improve outcomes for UPHS CHF patients. The goal of the proposed project is to conduct a pragmatic randomized controlled trial testing a new approach to chronic disease management combining wireless monitoring devices and behavioral economic engagement incentives to reduce rehospitalization rates among patients with Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) recently hospitalized at the University of Pennsylvania Health System (UPHS).
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Test effectiveness of two different magnitudes of financial incentives for improving adherence to remote-monitoring regimens among patients with diabetes.
Low incentive arm had an adherence rate of 62%
High incentive arm had an adherence rate of 35%
Control arm had adherence rate of 27%
Test Effectiveness of two financial incentive designs for promoting weight loss among obese employees
Group incentive participants lost 9.7 lbs more than other participants
At 12 weeks, group arm participants maintained greater weight loss
Test effectiveness of improving cholesterol levels among participants who are at high risk of CVD and who have elevated LDL cholesterol levels by testing process versus outcomes financial incentives. The primary outcome will be change in LDL cholesterol over 12 months. Last day of intervention is 4/14/2018. End of follow up period is 10/11/2018.
Ongoing Research & Analysis
Determine whether peer mentors or financial incentives are superior to usual care in helping African American Veterans improve their HbA1c levels.
Peer mentorship improved glucose control
Financial incentives did not significantly decrease glucose control